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Using different chaos synchronization scheme and using optical coherent masking and detection, the speed to tens of Gbit/s can be achieved. In chaos-based communications, the user message is transmitted using a chaotic signal carrier, which is very sensitive to initial hardware conditions, and is generated by a laser diode that contains optoelectronic feedback or optical feedback.
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Consequently, QKD is mainly considered for key exchange protocols, rather than for encrypting the data in a full line-rate. However, its performances still remains incomparable with the other security approaches, as bitrate-distance ( $B \cdot L$) product is limited to several Mbits $/$ second $\times$ km. completely resilient against cryptanalytic attacks. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is considered unconditionally secured, i.e.
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Several approaches for optical layer security have been widely investigated, including quantum communication, chaos-based communication, all-optical XOR gates, and spread spectrum (SS) techniques in particular, optical code division multiple access (OCDMA). Additionally, side-channel attacks can be prevented since all-optical processing does not generate electromagnetic radio frequency signatures. In particular, it enables real-time, low-latency, low-power operation, which cannot be provided by conventional security algorithms at today’s line rates, exceeding 1.3 Tbps per single wavelength. Such a strategy augments the security performances of the entire communication network, as it offers many unique advantages over digital security protocols. To overcome this challenge, security schemes by all-optical means, also known as optical layer security or photonic layer security, have been proposed and demonstrated. Moreover, in upper layers standard encryption techniques, metadata remains unencrypted, as well as the existence of the transaction itself, and might be used by an adversary for eliciting sensitive information on the users by data mining techniques. However, in the era of supercomputing and quantum computing, any digital encryption scheme can be decrypted in theory, as the valuable raw data can be recorded and processed offline. Such protocols often rely on prime factorization and high computational complexity algorithms. To cope with these considerable security threats, common encryption protocols are implemented in all seven layers of the open systems interconnection (OSI) model. The optical infrastructure is prone to a major data breach, as it is exposed to various attacks such as fiber tapping, false data injection and jamming. IntroductionĪs the demand for bandwidth is scaling up to unprecedented levels, information confidentiality, integrity and availability are becoming increasingly important, particularly in sensitive applications such as financial transactions, military, medical records, and private information sharing. © 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement 1.
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A transmission of 20 Gbps under negative −7.5 dB OSNR is demonstrated here, yielding error-free detection by the eligible user. On the other hand, the authorized user decodes the signal using an inverse spectral phase mask and achieves a substantial optical processing gain via multi-homodyne coherent detection. An unauthorized user, who does not possess knowledge on the phase mask, can only obtain a noisy and distorted signal, that cannot be improved by post-processing. The secured signal’s spectrum is spread far beyond the bandwidth of a coherent receiver, thus forcing real time all-optical processing. Spectral replicas of the covert signal are carried by multiple tones of a gain switched optical frequency comb, optically coded with spectral phase mask, and concealed below EDFA’s noise. Note: Author names will be searched in the keywords field, also, but that may find papers where the person is mentioned, rather than papers they authored.Ī novel all-optical stealth and secured transmission is proposed and demonstrated.Use a comma to separate multiple people: J Smith, RL Jones, Macarthur.Use these formats for best results: Smith or J Smith.For best results, use the separate Authors field to search for author names.Use quotation marks " " around specific phrases where you want the entire phrase only.Question mark (?) - Example: "gr?y" retrieves documents containing "grey" or "gray".Asterisk ( * ) - Example: "elect*" retrieves documents containing "electron," "electronic," and "electricity".Improve efficiency in your search by using wildcards.Example: (photons AND downconversion) - pump.Example: (diode OR solid-state) AND laser.Note the Boolean sign must be in upper-case. Separate search groups with parentheses and Booleans.Keep it simple - don't use too many different parameters.